Variability of Hubble’s Parameter, Geomagnetic Activity, and Putative Changes in Space-Mass Density: Implications for Terrestrial Cell Growth

. The quotient for Planck’s Length divided by the product of Hubble’s parameter and twice the width of the Compton wave length for a proton has been considered a critical increment for the time required for a proton to expand one Planck’s Length. The empirical time of 3.25 ms, found in magnetic field effectiveness for multiple physical and biochemical reactions, requires a local Hubble constant (H) of 58 km·s -1 ·MPar -1 with a resulting mass density of 0.14 protons per cubic meter. This mass density multiplied by the cube of the galactic orbital velocity is within error measurement of the background photon flux density measured locally by photomultiplier units over the last four years. Regression analyses for the weak positive correlation between Huchra’s annual fluctuations in H and global annual geomagnetic activity over the last 30 years indicated that every 1 nT increase was associated with 0.44 km·s -1 ·MPar -1 increase in H. The required average density is equivalent to that of the rest mass of the electron. The results and quantitative solutions indicate that the measurement of H is affected by geomagnetic activity and that the time for a proton to expand 1 Planck’s Length can vary over time. Unless earth-based reactions from exposures to pulsed or “quantum well” like magnetic fields that depend upon resonant precision with this value are adjusted appropriately their efficacy could vary significantly.


INTRODUCTION
Matter exits within space and may be a special condition of the structure of space. If space is expanding then the matter should expand proportionally. The time required for this expansion is potentially predictable if an indicator of spatial expansion and the length of the space occupied by the matter were related to the smallest increment of space. Persinger and Koren [1] assumed these three features are Hubble's parameter (in the order of 2.2·10 -18 s -1 , assuming 67.8 km·s -1 MPar -1 ), the Compton wavelength λ Cp for a proton (1.32·10 -15 m) and Planck's Length (1.616·10 -35 m). The simple relationship is: t=P L (H·λ Cp ) -1 (1) Given the specific contemporary estimate of Hubble's parameter the resulting temporal increment for a proton to expand 2 wavelengths (2.64·10 -15 m) or L p was about 3 ms. The potential for local phenomena to be affected by or reflected in such large-space phenomena as Hubble's constant is consistent with Mach's principle that matter in any given space is affected by all of the matter within the universe [2]. His argument was based upon mechanisms involving intermediate stages of momentum. Contemporary concepts of "excess correlation" over non-traditional distances or forms of "entanglement" could be considered modern manifestations of that principle [3]. Experimental results and concomitant calculations support the potential to infer universal properties from very local and simple procedures [4].
Several experiments have indicated that computer-generated magnetic fields whose serial point durations were 3 ms influenced the dynamics within shifts in pH of spring water [5], calcium influxes, photon emissions [6], and cellular activity that primarily involve the proton or chemical changes that depend upon the movement of protons [7]. Koren et al [8] suggested that the 3 ms duration required for a proton to expand an additional Planck's Length could be applied to infer H locally (at ground level) as an alternative method to inferring this value from red shifts of distant objects.
The optimal time (t) for the point duration of magnetic fields that produced the specific slowing of growth in a variety of different cancer cell lines but not normal cells has been shown to peak around 3 ms while point durations of 2 ms or less or 4 ms or more were not effective. The resting membranes of most cancer cell lines are hypopolarized and vacillate around the 26 to 27 mV range which is the semi-constant potential difference based upon the gas constant, the cells' thermal level in absolute temperature and Faraday's number for charge density without reference to the disparity of ion concentrations between the inside and outside of the membrane [9]. The energy associated with this value is the threshold where thermal oscillations and random processes dominate the system. They are quantifications consistent with universal "dynamic pressure" [10].
If the optimal time as noted in equation (1) is determined by H, assuming that both P L and L p are constant, then any process that alters H would affect the optimal value. Here calculations and data are presented that suggest that the functional average mass density of space within which the solar system is immersed as it moves around the galaxy might change and hence alter the responses of cells operating near the kT Nernst threshold. This would be potentially relevant for treating malignant cells.

ALTERNATIVE DETERMINATION OF H FROM G AND MASS DENSITY
H can also be expressed as: where G is the Newtonian Gravitational constant (6.67·10 -11 m 3 ·kg -1 ·s -2 ) and σ is the average density of matter. This means that either a change in G or σ could affect H which would determine the optimal duration for expanding one Planck's Length (i.e., double the wavelength). Depending upon the assumptions of geometry the additional terms are + (k 2 ·a -2 ) -λc 2 /3, which is Friedmann's equation (where k is +1, 0, or -1 depending upon the universe's shape, a is the scaling factor, λ is the cosmological constant, and c is the velocity of light), could produce small changes in this value. If these terms are ignored the relationship becomes: t 2 =(P L 2 ) · [(1/3·8πGσ) ·(L p 2 )] -1 (3).

INTERRELATIONSHIPS TO OPTIMAL POINT DURATIONS THAT SLOW MALIGNANT CELLULAR GROWTH
We have found in the last four years that the optimal duration for the point durations of applied physiologically-patterned (primarily temporally asymmetric frequency and phasemodulated) magnetic fields to produce the most significant disruption of proliferation of malignant cell growth without affecting normal cells is about 3.25 ms. The band is relatively narrow, i.e., between 3.0 and 3.5 ms. The primary mechanism involves proton movements associated with pH coupled to calcium influx particularly through T-type channels [11]. These small changes in the pH of the medium, particularly when the shift is from neutral (7.4) to mildly acidic (6.8), are associated

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ILCPA Volume 53 with marked increases in photon emissions from the immersed cells as measured by digital photomultiplier units. This occurs when the magnetic field composed of successively created voltage values with the optimal point duration is applied. Simple cellular proliferation diminishes with this mildly acetic pH. Experimental reduction to more acidic levels, before membrane dissolution occurs, produces no additional effect. According to the above equations the optimal Hubble parameter for a proton to double its Compton wavelength in 3.25 ms would be 1.88·10 -18 s -1 . This is equivalent, when multiplied by a MPar (3.086·10 22 m), to 58 km·s -1 ·MPar -1 . This is below the contemporary estimates of around 70 km·s -1 but it has been measured at least once most years according to the collection of H measurements by John Huchra [12] from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
The equivalent average mass density for this Hubble's constant (58 km·s -1 ·Mpar -1 ) would be: The resulting value is 2.38·10 -28 kg·m -3 or about 0.14 particle per cubic meter. The quantity is within measurement error of the current estimates of 0.2 particles per cubic meter in some popular cosmological models. To obtain flux power density of photons from mass density the intermediate cube of velocity is required. The most reasonable velocity that would be expected to influence local values of H would be the orbital speed of the solar system around the galactic center. The value is assumed to be about 242 km·s -1 . The product of the mass density (sufficient to produce the optimal Hubble parameter) and the cube of the velocity is 3.27·10 -12 W·m -2 . This is the same order of magnitude (and almost identical coefficient) of the background fluctuations in photon flux density we have been measuring in our laboratory in the Sudbury Basin once per minute for the last four years. Concurrent measurements of fluctuations in geomagnetic field intensity from a magnetometer sensor within 0.25 m of the sensor for the photomultiplier tube have shown weak but persistent negative correlations. Regression analysis indicated that for ever 10 -12 W·m -2 increase in photon energy there was a concomitant decrease of 1 nT in the earth's magnetic field intensity during quiet (no magnetic storms) conditions [13]. The range in the minute-to-minute fluctuation per day is 10 -12 to 10 -11 W·m -2 . The primary factors that enhance the output over this background are the imminence of seismic events greater than magnitude 7.0 and particularly M > 8.0 anywhere on the planet [14].

POTENTIAL ANOMALIES: HUBBLE'S PARAMETER AND GLOBAL GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY
The valuable list from Huchra's NASA-Smithsonian collection reveals the narrowing of the Hubble parameter over approximately four decades ( Figure 1). From some perspectives one would not expect a property of space (reflected in by H) to be affected by geomagnetic activity secondary to changes in solar activity. There are two demonstrations for the pursuit of this possibility. First, assuming a typical coronal mass ejection of 10 12 kg into interplanetary space [15] and the distribution of this mass throughout the functional volume of the solar system, bounded by the heliopause (about 10 39 m 3 ), the resulting mass density would be ~10 -27 kg·m -3 . This value is very proximal to the suspected average background of the mass density of the universe. If the process operates similar to other systems convergent or near-identical intensities are more likely to be resonant.
Secondly, calculations indicate that the energies associated with Gravity and photons may share a common source of variance [16]. There is the obvious solution for the duration of the universe (about 98 billion years) derived from the product of density (1.67·10 -27 kg m -3 ) and G. Within the estimated volume of the universe this results in ~10 79 protons which are consistent with Eddington's Number and an equivalent mass of 10 52 kg. As λ this value occurs as a component of the cosmological constant in order to accommodate Friedmann's equation.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy Vol. 53
. There is also the frequent inverse relationship between variations in G measured on the earth's surface and geomagnetic activity [17]. A similar inverse correlation between local static geomagnetic field intensities of about 5 to 7 nT and photon emissions have been shown for brain activity of human beings engaging in imagery [18] as well as for melanoma cells removed from incubation [19]. The range of intensity between 1 and 10 nT may reflect the non-potential field which traditionally was employed to resolve inconsistencies for solid spherical harmonics when only internal and external sources geomagnetism were considered. Winch et al [20] showed that these non-potential fields can accommodate the anisotropy between gradient expressions for northwards and eastwards components of the earth's magnetic field as well as the corresponding radial current densities. This discrepancy in E-W vs N-S components has been considered critical for demonstrating "excess correlation" or entanglement between spaces separated by non-traditional distances that share the same angular accelerating circular magnetic fields. This condition occurs with field strengths of about 5 nT [21]. It may be relevant that the latency to respond to these "superpositioned" loci sharing the same circularly rotating pulsed (1 ms) magnetic fields is about 35 to 45 s which is the discrepancy between the energy from the upper limit of the rest mass of a proton of ~2·10 -52 kg according to Tu et al [22] accelerated to c (m·c 2 ) and Planck's constant. It may be relevant that the ratio of the rotational velocity of the earth at the latitude of experiments and g (9.8 m·s -2 ) is also within this range.
To Because there were likely to have been delays between observation (measurement) and publication, 1 to 3 year lags were calculated for the aa values and sunspot numbers. To ensure temporal asymmetry, which would minimize the likely of drift artifact, 1 to 3 year lags were 140 ILCPA Volume 53 completed for the mean Hubble values as well. The correlations between yearly aa values and the four years of lag (0,1,2,3) for Hubble means were 0.24, -0.24, -0.24, and -0.01, respectively and were not significant statistically (p >0.05). The correlation with sunspot numbers ranged from .05 to -0.07 (n.s.). However the correlations (Pearson's r) between mean H and the four lags for aa values were 0.26, 0.35, 0.26, and -0.26. The first lag (r=0.35) was significant at the p <.06 level. The nonparametric Spearman rho value was 0.44 (p=.01). The correlation between the mean annual H value and average annual geomagnetic variation is shown in Figure 2. The source of the unusual heteroschedasticity is unclear. The Pearson correlations between H values and sunspot numbers were 0.01, -0.12, 0.05, and .26, respectively (n.s). Although there were no statistically significant associations between the coefficient of variation of H and aa values, the association with sunspot numbers and H occurred for these numbers for one year before (r=0.37) and two years before (0.38), the date of entry into Huchra's table.
To remove any occluded variance, partial correlations were completed. When the shared variance between geomagnetic activity and sunspot numbers was first removed, the partial correlations between H and the four lags were: 0.43 (p <0.05), 0.40 (p <0.05), 0.23 and -0.11. In other words when the effect of the sunspot numbers was removed the positive correlation between mean H-independent geomagnetic activities became consistently statistically significant. When a similar analysis was completed for sunspot numbers after removal of the shared variance with aa activity, the H associations were still not significant statistically.
These results indicated the variance associated with geomagnetic activity independent of sunspot numbers was related to the H variability. To further discern if the aa values rather than sunspot numbers shared a source of variance with mean Hubble's constants per year factor analyses were completed for the Hubble values, the aa values for the same year and the previous year, and the sunspot numbers for the same year and previous year. After varimax rotation the loadings were obvious. Because of the small sample size the criteria set for statistical significance was r>0.50 rather than the traditional > 0.40.
The first factor (loading coefficients in parentheses) was dominated by aa (0.66), sunspot numbers (0.91) and sunspot numbers the year previously (0.95). The second factor was loaded exclusively the Hubble values (0.83), aa (0.53) and aa values the previous year (0.77) only. These results also strongly suggest that the variations in yearly Hubble values were coupled to some source of variance which it shared with geomagnetic activity independent of solar activity. To check if the association was confounded by a serial correlation, that is, if the relationship was spuriously coupled to temporal progression (years), year was added to the variables for factor analyses. The factor structure containing the Hubble values did not change significantly.
To obtain the quantitative relationship between the H value and aa value, regression analyses were completed. The slope was 0.44 which indicated that for every 1 unit increase in aa value (1 nT  The mass density from equation (4) for an increase in H of 0.44 km·s -1 ·Mpar -1 would be ~3.78·10 -31 kg. In other words the increase in that velocity of H would be associated with an increase in mass density that could approach within 2π that of electron at rest. The inference that perturbations in average mass density are compensated by local Hubble constant perturbations was developed by Zeldovich [24] over 30 years ago. If the coupled increase in geomagnetic activity of 1 nT is veridical then this specific increase in magnetic flux density in order to compliment the putative proton density should be related to some essential structural or spatial property of the electron. One possibility is the electric dipole moment of a unit electron which has been recently measured at ~8.7·10 -31 A·s·m [25]. The product of this value and 10 -9 T (kg·A -1 ·s -2 ) is 8.7·10 -40 kg·m·s -1 .
Such a momentum term would be predicted by Mach to be an in integral part of the principle that each part of the universe is affected by every other part. We [26] have shown that an "entanglement velocity" derived from a diffusivity term emerges from two separate approaches when the entire universal set is involved (G 2 , kg 2 , m and t 3 terms, referring to Newton's Gravitational constant, the universe's mass, its diameter and its duration, respectively) is 2.8·10 23 m·s -1 . The value for momentum when multiplied by entanglement velocity is a specific quantity of energy: 2.4·10 -16 J. This is equivalent to 3.68·10 17 Hz. When divided into the velocity of light in a vacuum the wavelength is 8.1·10 -10 m. Considering the variability in the estimates for the contributing variables, the proximity of this distance to the circumference of the Bohr magneton may not be incidental. If this is valid, then the magnetic field strength of 1 nT associated with the diminishment of H which is primarily proton-based would be reflected in the spatial extent of the circumferential distribution of the other fundamental energy, the electron, around the proton.
This potential gravitational interface is also manifested when the magnetic moment of the electron is considered. The value (9.29·10 -24 J·T -1 ) multiplied by 1 nT results in an increment of energy of 9.29·10 -33 J. The frequency equivalent, when divided by Planck's constant, is 14 Hz. The exactness of this specific frequency is relevant in light of the innovative mathematical solutions by Minakov et al [27] who pursued the gravitational-to-electromagnetic wave conversion within electrostatic fields such as the earth-ionosphere resonator. Their primary solution for a plane gravitational wave interacting with a static electric field inside of the natural resonator formed between earth and the ionosphere was an EMF frequency response to the gravitational wave. The greatest power amplification was the second harmonic of the global Schumann Resonance, i.e., 14 Hz. Given the role of G in the solution for Hubble's parameter and the presence of intrinsic perturbations within this "constant" which is within the 10 -14 m 3 ·kg -1 ·s -2 range [28,29], the 142 ILCPA Volume 53 conditions could be created to produce such "interfaces" within the earth-ionosphere cavity as the solar systems moves through different densities of primary space during its orbit around the galaxy.

POTENTIAL ANOAMLIES: ESCALATING PHOTON FLUX VALUES FROM INCREASED LOCAL MATTER DENSITY
During the last three years we have noted a gradual increase in the background PMT measurements, not related to imminent earthquake events of M >7.0. Although there is a low probability it is related to instrument artifact, the tube has not failed and there are no technical indications of dysfunction. The average daily values are now more than 50 units higher than the baseline when the experiments began more than four years ago. The major inflection began around June, 2014 and escalated again in March 2015.
Assuming our empirically derived value of 5·10 -11 W·m -2 per unit for the photomultiplier meter (1 to 100, standardized at 50 units), an increase of 50 would be equivalent to 250·10 -11 Wm -2 . Divided by the cube of the galactic orbital velocity of the solar system (14.17·10 15 m 3 ·s -3 ), the equivalent mass density would be 1.76·10 -25 kg·m -3 . Although this is ~105 times the mass of a unit proton, it is much less than the 10 6 protons per cubic meter contained within the interplanetary magnetic field. It is more likely to be observed as phase-shifts at the lower end of the frequency band in spectral power densities for these time-dependent variations. If this density is real, it could be sufficient to affect the parameters of space within which the expansion time of protons occur. The equivalent "dynamic pressure" of this mass density would be (after multiplying the velocity of light in a vacuum) 1.59·10 -8 Pa.
For cells this would be very relevant if the intrinsic energies matched those of elementary particles. For melanoma cells with a diameter of 10 μm and a volume of 5.26·10 -16 m 3 the intrinsic energy from this elevated dynamic pressure would be 8.35·10 -24 J. This is a recognizable value for physical scientists. When divided by the square of the velocity of light, it is the mass equivalent of 9.27·10 -31 kg. This is remarkably proximal to the classic rest mass of an electron: 9.11·10 -31 kg. Assuming this is not coincidence, the suggestion is that when the background photon flux density from moving around the galaxy achieves this value the activity of electrons within the cell could be minutely affected and subsequently be prone to resonance interaction.
The optimal point duration for this to occur can be derived from equation (3) while still considering the proton. With this specific mass density the optimal duration for the proton to expand two wavelengths would be almost exactly 1 ms. The 1 ms duration is the intrinsic value shown for the electron to expand one classic diameter by both calculation and inferred experiments with excess correlation involving photon emissions. Given measurement error the actual value would be around 0.5 ms.

CONCLUSIONS
If matter is a special condition or property of space than expansion of space is associated with expansion of matter when manifested as particles. The theoretical calculations and provisional empirical results indicated that the time for the expansion of a proton to twice its Compton wavelength could vary because of time-dependent changes in Hubble's constant. In a neutral Friedmann universe where H is dependent upon G and mass density only, the variations in the latter within values considered and inferred from measurements would be sufficient to significantly alter the time for proton expansion and hence the efficacy of point duration magnetic fields that optimally affect malignant cells. There is correlative evidence that local H may be quite different from distal estimates and that annual variations in H are coupled to a source of variance shared with global geomagnetic activity independent of the solar component.