Proteomics of E.coli Nissle 1917 in Responce to Cocos nucifera sap and Wine

Article Preview

Abstract:

In the present study, we described the protein profile experimentally by 2D-PAGE and MALDI analysis to understand the stress mechanisms of cocoti sap and wine on E.coli Nissle 1917. We isolated one newly expressed protein from cocoti wine treated gel which is not present in both control and cocoti sap treated sample i.e. P21 prophage-derived head-stabilizing proteinVG03_ECOL6 (3n1) also called as Head protein gp3. This protein mainly activities related to the viral life cycle. It helps to attach the viral gene into host. The growth rate was delayed in cocoti wine treated E.coli Nissle 1917 when compared to control and cocoti sap treated samples. Stress mechanism induce many proteins they are involved in metabolic process, hydrolase activity, lyase activity, quinone binding, phosphotransferase system, carbohydrate metabolism, DNA binding, DNA repair, transferase activity, oxidoreductase, purine metabolism, transcription anti-termination, transcription regulation and other related activities.We proved that the predicted protein structure quality, resolution, density and error plot values by QMEAN analysis. Based on these results, only two differentially expressed proteins under sap stress showed that the significant results, which were N-acetylgalactosamine-specific phosphotransferase enzyme IIB component 1, PTPB1_ECOLI and DinI-like protein Z3305/ECs2939 in prophage CP-933VDINI1_ECO57. In case of wine stress, the differentially expressed proteins were Transcription anti-termination protein RFAH- ECO57 NusA and PUR7-eco24- phosphoribosylamidazole-succinocarboxamide synthase showed significant results. ProtParam analysis indicating that the multiple physico-chemical characters of differentially expressed proteins were differed and compared. The phylogenetic tree represents the relationship in-between the differentially expressed proteins, were showed siblings (related) as well as monophytic clade.

Info:

* - Corresponding Author

[1] Abbott A (1999). A Post-genomic challenge: learning to read patterns of protein synthesis. Nature, 402: 715-720.

DOI: 10.1038/45350

Google Scholar

[2] Abola E, Kuhn P, Earnest T and Stevens RC (2002). Automation of X-ray Crystallography. Nature of Structural Biology, 7: 973-977.

DOI: 10.1038/80754

Google Scholar

[3] Accolas JP, Bloquel R, Didienne R and Regnier J (1977). Proprirtes acidifiantes des bacteries lactiques thermopiles en relation avecla fabrication du Yoghourt. Dairy Science and Technology, 67: 1-23.

DOI: 10.1051/lait:1977561-5621

Google Scholar

[4] Aebersold R and Goodlett DR (2001). Mass spectrometry in proteomics. Chemical Review, 101: 269-295.

Google Scholar

[5] Agu RC (1993). Use of high ethanol resistant yeast isolates from Nigerian Palm wine in larger beer brewing. World Journal of Micro Biotechnology, 9 (6): 660-661.

DOI: 10.1007/bf00369575

Google Scholar

[6] Agu RC, Okenchi MU, Ude CM, Onyia AI, Onwumelu AH and Ajiwe VIE (1999). Fermentation kinetic studies of Nigerian palm wines; Elaeis guinensis and Raphia hookeri for preservation by bottling. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 36 (3): 205-209.

Google Scholar

[7] Aires J and Butel MJ (2011). Proteomics, human gut microbiota and probiotics. Expert Review of Proteomics, 8 (2): 279-288.

DOI: 10.1586/epr.11.5

Google Scholar

[8] Aires J, Thouvenez M and Allano SandButel MJ (2011). Longitudinal analysis and genotyping of infant dominant bifidobacteria populations. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 34: 536-541.

DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2011.02.007

Google Scholar

[9] Aldous D (2001). Stochastic models and descriptive statistics for phylogenetic trees, from Yule to today. Statistical Science, 16: 23-34.

DOI: 10.1214/ss/998929474

Google Scholar

[10] Allali N, Afif H, Couturier M and Van Melderen L (2002). The highly conserved TldD and TldE proteins of Eschericia coli are involved in microcin B17 processing and in CcdA degredation. Journal of Bacteriology, 184 (12): 3224-3231.

DOI: 10.1128/jb.184.12.3224-3231.2002

Google Scholar

[11] Amoa-Awua WK, Sampson E and Tano-Debrah K (2007). Growth of yeasts, lactic and acetic acid bacteria in plam wine during tapping and fermentation from felled oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) in Ghana. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 102: 599–606.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03074.x

Google Scholar

[12] Anderson NG and Anderson NL (1996). Twenty years of two-dimensional electrophoresis: past, present and future. Electrophoresis, 17: 443– 453.

DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150170303

Google Scholar

[13] Anderson NL and Anderson NG (1998). Proteome and proteomics: new technologies, new concepts and new words. Electrophoresis, 19 (11): 1853-1861.

DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150191103

Google Scholar

[14] Andrews JM (2001). Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 48 (1): 5-16.

Google Scholar

[15] Armengaud J (2010). Proteo genomics and systems biology: quest for the ultimate missing parts. Expert Reviews of Proteomics, 7:65–77.

DOI: 10.1586/epr.09.104

Google Scholar

[16] Armengaud J (2013). Microbiology and proteomics, getting the best of both worlds. Environmental Microbiology, 15:12–23.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02811.x

Google Scholar

[17] Arnold K, Bordoli L, Kopp J and Schwede T (2009). The SWISS-MODEL Workspace: A web-based environment for protein structure homology modelling. Bioinformatics, 22 (2): 195–201.

DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bti770

Google Scholar

[18] Avaritt NL, Shalin S and Tackett AJ (2014). Decoding the Proteome in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) Tissues. Journal of Proteomics and Bioinformatics, 7(3):25-26.

DOI: 10.4172/jpb.10000e25

Google Scholar

[19] Bach SJ, McAllister TA, Veira DM, Gannon VPJ and Holley RA (2003). Effects of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae feed supplement on Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ruminal fluid in vitro. Animal Feed Science Technology, 104: 179–189.

DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(02)00325-5

Google Scholar

[20] Balamurugan R, Janardhan HP, George S, Chittaranjan SP and Ramakrishna BS (2008). Bacterial succession in the colon during childhood and adolescence: molecular studies in a southern Indian village. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 88:1643–1647.

DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26511

Google Scholar

[21] Baneyx F (1999). Recombinant Protein Expression in Escherichia coli. Opinion Biotechnology, 10: 411-421.

DOI: 10.1016/s0958-1669(99)00003-8

Google Scholar

[22] Banks RE, Dunn MJ, Hochstrasser DF, Sanchez JC, Blackstock W and Pappin DJ (2000). Proteomics: New perspectives, new biomedical opportunities. Lancet, 356:1749 –1756.

DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(00)03214-1

Google Scholar

[23] Bantscheff M, Schirle M, Sweetman G, Rick J and kuster B (2007). Quantitative mass spectrometry in proteomics: a critical review. Analytical and Bio-analytical Chemistry, 389 (4): 1017-1031.

DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1486-6

Google Scholar

[24] Bassir O (1962). Observations on the fermentation of palm wine. World African Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 6: 20-25.

Google Scholar

[25] Baton Rouge LA (2007). Surface Water Quality Standards. Louisiana Administrative Code (LAC), 33 (11): IX.

Google Scholar

[26] Begley M, Gahan CGM and Hill C (2005). The interaction between bacteria and bile. FEMS Microbiology reviews, 29: 625-651.

DOI: 10.1016/j.femsre.2004.09.003

Google Scholar

[27] Ben Thabet I, Besbes S, Attia H, Deroanne C, Francis F, Drira NE and Blecker C (2009). Physicochemical characteristics of date sap ''Lagmi" from Deglet Nour palm (Phoenix Dactylifera L.). International Journal of Food Properties, 12: 659–670.

DOI: 10.1080/10942910801993528

Google Scholar

[28] Benkert P, Schwede T and Tosatto SCE. (2009). QMEAN clust: Estimation of protein model quality by combining a composite scoring function with structural density information. BMC Structural Biology, 20: 9-35.

DOI: 10.1186/1472-6807-9-35

Google Scholar

[29] Benkert P, Tosatto SCE and Schomburg D (2008). QMEAN: A comprehensive scoring function for model quality assessment. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics, 71 (1): 261-277.

DOI: 10.1002/prot.21715

Google Scholar

[30] Berman HM (2008). The protein Data Bank: A historical perspective. Acta Crystallographica section A: Foundations of Crystallography A, 64 (1): 88-95.

Google Scholar

[31] Bhadoria PBS and Mahapatra SC (2011). Prospects, Technological Aspects and Limitations of Probiotics – A Worldwide Review. European Journal of Food Research & Review, 1 (2): 23-42.

Google Scholar

[32] Blackstock WP and Weir MP (1999). Proteomics: quantitative and physical mapping of cellular proteins. Trends in Biotechnology, 17 (3): 121-127.

DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(98)01245-1

Google Scholar

[33] Blum-OG, Oswald S, Eiteljorge K, Sonnenborn U, Schulze J, Kruis W and Hacker J (2003). Development of strain-specific PCR reactions for the detection of the probiotic E. coli strain Nissle 1917 in faecal samples. Research Microbiology, 154: 59–66.

DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2508(02)00007-4

Google Scholar

[34] Bohm SK and Kruis W (2006). Probiotics: do they help to control intestinal inflammation. Annals of New York Academic Sciences, 1072: 339-350.

DOI: 10.1196/annals.1326.005

Google Scholar

[35] Booth IR (2002). Stress and the single cell: intra-population diversity is a mechanism to ensure survival upon exposure to stress. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 78: 19-30.

DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(02)00239-8

Google Scholar

[36] Borchers AT, Selmi C, Meyers FJ, Keen CL and Gershwin ME (2009). Probiotics and immunity. Journal of Gastroenterology, 44: 26-46.

DOI: 10.1007/s00535-008-2296-0

Google Scholar

[37] Bradford MM (1976). Rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Annals of Biochemistry, 72: 248–254.

DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3

Google Scholar

[38] Breese CR, D'Costa A, Ingram R, Lenham J and Sonntag WE (1993). Long-term suppression of insulin like growth factor-1 in rats after in utero ethanol exposure-relationship to somatic growth. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 264 (1): 448-456.

Google Scholar

[39] Brinkkotter A, Kloss H, Alpert C and Lengeler JW (2000). Pathways for the utilization of N-acetyl-galactosamine and galactosamine in Escherichia coli. Molecular Microbiology 37 (1): 125-135.

DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01969.x

Google Scholar

[40] Carl Zimmer (2012).Tending the Body's Microbial Garden. New York Times, 18.

Google Scholar

[41] Casey EB, Zhao HR and Abraham EC (1995). Role of glycine 1 and lysine 2 in the glycation of bovine gamma-B-crystallin. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270: 20781-20786.

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.35.20781

Google Scholar

[42] Champomier-Verges MC, Chailou S, Cornet M and Zagorec M (2002). Erratum to Lactobacillus sakei: recent developments and future prospects. Research in Microbiology, 153: 115-123.

DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2508(01)01296-7

Google Scholar

[43] Champomier-Verges MC, Maguin E, Mistou MY, Anglade P and Chich JF (2002). Lactic acid bacteria and proteomics: current knowledge and perspectives. Journal of Chromatography B Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, 771: 329–342.

DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(01)00624-9

Google Scholar

[44] Chenna R, Sugawara H, Koike T, Lopez R, Gibson TJ, Higgins DG and Thompson JD (2003). Multiple sequence alignment with the Clustal series of programs. Nucleic Acids Research, 31 (13): 3497–3500.

DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkg500

Google Scholar

[45] Chiang AC and Massague J (2008). Molecular basis of metastasis. The New England Journal of Medicine, 359 (26): 2814-2823.

Google Scholar

[46] Chinarasa E (1968). The preservation and bottling of palm-wine. Research Report No.38. Federal Ministry of industries Logos, Nigeria.

Google Scholar

[47] Chomczynski P and Sacchi N (1987). Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidiumthiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. Analytical Biochemistry, 162 (1): 156-159.

DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(87)90021-2

Google Scholar

[48] Cohen DPA, Renes J, Bouwman FG, Zoetendal EG, Mariman Ede Vos WM and Vaughan EE (2006). Proteomic analysis of log to stationary growth phase Lactobacillus plantarum cells and a 2-DE database. Proteomics, 6: 6485–6493.

DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600361

Google Scholar

[49] Collins MD and Gibson GR (1999). Probiotics, Prebiotics and synbiotics: approaches for modulating the microbial ecology of the gut. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69: 1052S-1057S.

DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/69.5.1052s

Google Scholar

[50] Collins, Francis and Alan Guttmacher (2002). Genomic Medicine – A primer. New England Journal of Medicine, 347: 1512-1520.

DOI: 10.1056/nejmra012240

Google Scholar

[51] Cristalli G, Costanzi S, Lambertucci C, Lupidi G, Vittori S, Volpini R and Camaioni E (2001). Adenosine deaminase: Functional implications and different classes of inhibitors. Medicinal Research Reviews, 21 (2): 105–128.

DOI: 10.1002/1098-1128(200103)21:2<105::aid-med1002>3.0.co;2-u

Google Scholar

[52] Curreli N, Sollai F, Massa L, Comandini O, Rufo A, Sanjust E, Rinaldi A and Rinaldi AC (2001). Effects of plant-derived naphthoquinones on the growth of Pleurotus sajor-caju and degradation of the compounds by fungal cultures. Journal of Basic Microbiology, 41: 253–259.

DOI: 10.1002/1521-4028(200110)41:5<253::aid-jobm253>3.0.co;2-r

Google Scholar

[53] Dajana GS, Spomenka K and Djuro J (2010). Application of Proteomics in Food Technology and Food Nanotechnology: Process Development,Quality Control and Product Safety. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 48 (3): 284-295.

Google Scholar

[54] Das UK, De D, Chatterjee K, Mallick C, Bera TK and Ghosh D (2009). Antigonadal effect induced by hydro-methanolic extract of leaf of Aelgle mermelos in male rat: Effect of hCG co-administration. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 3 (10): 728 – 735.

Google Scholar

[55] Debmalya Barh BC and Mazumdar (2008). Comparative nutritive values of palm saps before and after their partial fermentation and effective use of wild date (Phoenix sylvestris Roxb.) sap in treatment of anemia. Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 3: 173-176.

Google Scholar

[56] Del Chierico F, Petrucca A and Vernocchi P (2014). Proteomics boosts translational and clinical microbiology. Journal of proteomics, 97: 69-87.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.10.013

Google Scholar

[57] Desroches D, Ehite SS and Denno RH (1987). Effects of acute alcohol administration on maternal Ca metabolism and fetal development in mice. Alcohol drug Research, 55: 443-462.

Google Scholar

[58] Dicks LMT, Silvester M, Lawson PA and Collins MD (2000). Lactobacillus fornicalis sp.nov, isolated from the posterior fornix of the human vagina. International Journal of Systemic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 50 (3):1253-1258.

DOI: 10.1099/00207713-50-3-1253

Google Scholar

[59] Dominguez-Bello MG and Blaser MJ (2008). Do you have a probiotic in your future. Microbial Infections, 10: 1072-1076.

DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.07.036

Google Scholar

[60] Doron S and Gorbach SL (2006). Probiotics: their role in the treatment and prevention of disease. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 4 (2): 261-275.

DOI: 10.1586/14787210.4.2.261

Google Scholar

[61] Dotan I and Rachmilewitz D (2005). Probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: possible mechanisms of action. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, 21: 426–430.

Google Scholar

[62] Doustjalali SR, Bhuiyan M, Al-Jashamy K , Linn NH , Abdul Kadir SY, Appalanaidu V, Arzuman H, Krishnan A, Lin WM, Saraji A, Gopal K, Shankar EM, Fatemeh S and Sabet NS (2014). Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis: An Overview of Proteomic Technique in Cancer Research. Journal of Proteomics and Bioinformatics, 7(3): 077-081.

DOI: 10.4172/jpb.1000305

Google Scholar

[63] Eluwa MA, Agarrey LE, Ekanem TB, Amabe OA, Agnes OE and Ekong MB (2010). Comaparative study of tetratogenic effects of brewed beer and palm wine on fetal femur bone of albino wistar rats. International Journal of Biomedical and health Sciences, 6 (4): 229-233.

Google Scholar

[64] Eschie HA (1978). Effect of different preservatives on the major chemical constituents of bottled palm wine during storage. Nigerian agriculture Journal, 15: 158-167.

Google Scholar

[65] Ezeronye OU and Okerentugba PO (2002). Focculation and mating behaviour in Saccharomyces yeast from palm wine. Nigerian Experimental and Applied Biology, 3 (1): 83-88.

Google Scholar

[66] Faparusi SI and Bassir O (1972). Factors affecting the quality of palm wine Period of storage. West African Journal of Biology and Applied Chemistry, 15 (2): 17-28.

Google Scholar

[67] Farnworth ER (2008). The evidence to support health claims for probiotics. Journal of Nutrition, 138: 1250S-1254S.

DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.6.1250s

Google Scholar

[68] Fisher Box and Joan (1987). Guinness, Gosset, Fisher, and Small Samples. Statistical Science, 2 (1): 45–52.

DOI: 10.1214/ss/1177013437

Google Scholar

[69] Fitzpatrick LR, Small J, Hoerr RA, Bostwick EF, Maines L and Koltun WA (2008). In vitro and in vivo effects of the probiotic Escherichia coli strain M-17: immunomodulation and attenuation of murine colitis. British Journal of Nutrition, 100 (3): 530-541.

DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508930373

Google Scholar

[70] Fletcher SA, Rhodes D and Csonka LN (2001). Analysis of the effects of osmoprotectants on the high osmolality-dependent induction of increased thermotolerance in Salmonella typhimurium. Food Microbiology, 18: 345–354.

DOI: 10.1006/fmic.2001.0407

Google Scholar

[71] Frank Rogerson and Charles Symington (2006). A Method for the Estimation of Alcohol in fortified wines using hydrometer baume and refractometer brix. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 57: 486-490.

DOI: 10.5344/ajev.2006.57.4.486

Google Scholar

[72] Fuller R (1989). Probiotics in man and animals. Journal of Applied bacteriology, 66 (5): 365-378.

Google Scholar

[73] Gavin AC, Bosche M, Krause R, Grandi P, Marzioch M and Bauer A (2002). Functional organization of the yeast proteome by systematic analysis of protein complexes. Nature, 415: 141– 147.

Google Scholar

[74] Geoghegan KF, Dixon HBF, Rosner PJ, Hoth LR, Lanzetti AJ, Borzilleri KA, Marr ES, Pezullo LH, Martin LB, Lemotte PK, McColl AS, Kamath AV and Stroh JG (1999). Spontaneous alpha-N-6-phosphogluconoylation of a His tag in Escherichia coli: the cause of extra mass of 258 or 178 Da in fusion proteins. Analytical Biochemistry, 267: 169-184.

DOI: 10.1006/abio.1998.2990

Google Scholar

[75] Georgopoulos C and Welch WJB (1993). Role of the major heat shock proteins as molecular chaperones. Annual Reviews of Cell and Developmental Biology, 9: 601-634.

DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cb.09.110193.003125

Google Scholar

[76] Gibson GR and Williams CM (1999). Gut fermentation and health advantages: myth or reality. British Journal of Nutrition, 8: 83-84.

DOI: 10.1017/s0007114599000197

Google Scholar

[77] Gill SC and Von Hippel PH (1989). Calculation of protein extinction coefficients from amino acid sequence data. Annals of Biochemistry, 182: 319–326.

DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(89)90602-7

Google Scholar

[78] Gilliland SE (1990). Health and nutritional benefits from Lactic Acid Bacteria. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 87: 175-188.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb04887.x

Google Scholar

[79] Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, Helwig U, Venturi A, Lammers KM, Brigidi P, Vitali B, Poggioli G, Miglioli M and Campieri M (2003). Prophylaxis of pouchitis onset with probiotic therapy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology, 124: 1202-1209.

DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(03)00171-9

Google Scholar

[80] Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, Venturi A, Brigidi P, Matteuzzi D, Bazzocchi G, Poggioli G, Miglioli M and Campieri M (2000). Oral bacteriotherapy as maintenance treatment in patients with chronic pouchitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastro enterology, 119: 305-309.

DOI: 10.1053/gast.2000.9370

Google Scholar

[81] Gismondo MR, Drago L and Lombardi A (1999). Reviews of probiotics available to modify gastrointestinal flora. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 12: 287-292.

DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(99)00050-3

Google Scholar

[82] Glader BE, Backer K, Diamond LK (1983). Elevated Erythrocyte Adenosine Deaminase Activity in Congenital Hypoplastic Anemia. New England Journal of Medicine, 309 (24): 1486–1490.

DOI: 10.1056/nejm198312153092404

Google Scholar

[83] Gobom J, Schuerenberg M, Mueller M, Theiss D, Lehrach H and NordhoVE (2001). α-Cyano-4- hydroxycinnamic Acid Affinity Sample Preparation. A Protocol for MALDI-MS Peptide Analysis in Proteomics. Analytical Chemistry, 73: 434–438.

DOI: 10.1021/ac001241s

Google Scholar

[84] Godovac-Zimmermann J and Brown LR (2001). Perspectives for mass spectrometry and functional proteomics. Mass Spectrom Review, 20: 1-57.

DOI: 10.1002/1098-2787(2001)20:1<1::aid-mas1001>3.0.co;2-j

Google Scholar

[85] Gonzales C, Rubio J, Gasco M, Nieto J, Sandra Y and Gonzales GF (2006). Effect of short term and long-term tratments with three ecotypes of Lepidium meyenii (MACA) on spermatogenesis in rats. Journal of Ethno pharmacology, 103: 448-454.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.035

Google Scholar

[86] Gosselink MP, Schouten WR, van Lieshout LM, Hop WC, Laman JD and Ruseler-van Embden JG (2004). Delay of the first onset of pouchitis by oral intake of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum, 47: 876-884.

DOI: 10.1007/s10350-004-0525-z

Google Scholar

[87] Grozdanov L, Raasch C, Schulze J, Sonnenborn U, Gottschalk G, Hacker J and Ulrich D (2004). Analysis of the genome structure of the non-pathogenic probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917. Journal of Bacteriology, 186: 5432–5441.

DOI: 10.1128/jb.186.16.5432-5441.2004

Google Scholar

[88] Guarner F and Schaafsma GJ (1998). Probiotics. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 39: 237-238.

Google Scholar

[89] Guex N, Peitsch MC, and Schwede T (2009). Automated comparative protein structure modeling with SWISS-MODEL and Swiss-PdbViewer: A historical perspective. Electrophoresis, 30 (1): S162–S173.

DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900140

Google Scholar

[90] Haiser HJ, Gootenberg DB, Chatman K, Sirasani G, Balskus EP and Turnbaugh PJ (2013). Predicting and manipulating cardiac drug inactivation by the human gut bacterium Eggerthella lenta. Science, 341 (6143): 295–298.

DOI: 10.1126/science.1235872

Google Scholar

[91] Hamilton-Miller JMT (2001). Probiotics in the management of irritable bowel syndrome: A review of clinical trials. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease, 13: 212-216.

DOI: 10.1080/089106001753341282

Google Scholar

[92] Han MJ and Lee SY. (2003). Proteome profiling and its use in metabolic and cellular engineering. Proteomics, 3: 2317–2324.

DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200300508

Google Scholar

[93] Hart AL, Stagg AJ, Frame M, Graffner H, Glise H, Falk P, and Kamm MA ( 2002). The role of the gut flora in health and disease and its modification as therapy. Journal of Aliment Pharmacol Therapy, 16: 1383-1393.

DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01310.x

Google Scholar

[94] Havenaar R and Huisin't Veld JHJ (1992). Probiotics: A general view. In: Wood BJB: The Lactic Acid Bacteria: The Lactic Acid Bacteria in Health and Disease, Chapman & Hall, New York, NY, 1: 209–224.

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-3522-5_6

Google Scholar

[95] Hayashi K, Morooka N, Yamamoto Y, Fujita K, Isono K, Choi S, Ohtsubo E, Baba T, Wanner BL, Mori H and Horiuchi T (2006). Highly accurate genome sequences of Eschericia coli K-12 strain MG 1655 and W3110. Molecular System Biology, 2: E1-E5.

DOI: 10.1038/msb4100049

Google Scholar

[96] Henker J, Laass M, Blokhin BM, Bolbot YK, Maydannik VG, Elze M, Wolff C and Schulze J (2007). The probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 (EcN) stops acute diarrhoea in infants and toddlers. European Journal of Paediatrics, 166: 311–318.

DOI: 10.1007/s00431-007-0419-x

Google Scholar

[97] Henzel WJ, Billeci TM, Stults JT, Wong SC, Grimley C and Watanabe C (1993). Identifying proteins from two-dimensional gels by molecular mass searching of peptide fragments in protein sequence databases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 90 (11): 5011-5015.

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.11.5011

Google Scholar

[98] Hill C (2010). Probiotics and Pharmabiotics: alternative medicine or an evidence-based alternative. Bioengineered bugs, 1 (2): 79-84.

DOI: 10.4161/bbug.1.2.10796

Google Scholar

[99] Hinsby AM, Olsen JV, Bennett KL and Mann M (2003). Signalling initiated by overexpression of the fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 investigated by mass spectrometry. Molecular Cell Proteomics, 2: 29-36.

DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m200075-mcp200

Google Scholar

[100] Ho Y, Gruhler A, Heilbut A, Bader GD, Moore L and Adams SL (2002). Systematic identification of protein complexes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by mass spectrometry. Nature, 415: 180– 183.

Google Scholar

[101] Hoch JA and Varughese KI (2001). Keeping signals straight in phosphorelay signal transduction. Journal of Bacteriology, 183 (17): 4941–4949.

DOI: 10.1128/jb.183.17.4941-4949.2001

Google Scholar

[102] Housecroft C and Constable E (2006). Chemistry: an introduction to organic, inorganic, and physical chemistry. Pearson Education, 3: 349-353.

Google Scholar

[103] Ichida K, Amaya Y, Noda K, Minoshima S, Hosoya T, Sakai O, Shimizu N and Nishino T (1993). Cloning of the cDNA encoding human xanthine dehydrogenase (oxidase): structural analysis of the protein and chromosomal location of the gene, Gene 133 (2): 279–284.

DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(93)90652-j

Google Scholar

[104] Ideker T, Thorsson V, Ranish A, Christmas R, Buhler J, Eng KG, Bumgarner R, Goodlett DR, Aebersold R and Hood L (2001). Integrated genomic and proteomic analyses of a systematically perturbed metabolic network. Science, 292: 929-934.

DOI: 10.1126/science.292.5518.929

Google Scholar

[105] Inoue T, Higuchi M, Hashimoto Y, Seki M, Kobayashi M ,Kato T, Tabata S, Shinozaki K, and Kakimoto T (2001). Identification of CRE1 as a cytokinin receptor from Arabidopsis. Nature, 409: 1060–1063.

DOI: 10.1038/35059117

Google Scholar

[106] Isaac DD, Pinkner JS, Hultgren SJ and Silhavy TJ (2005). The extra cytoplasmic adaptor protein CpxP is degraded with substrate by DegP. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102:17775–17779.

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0508936102

Google Scholar

[107] Jakob H and Waterborg (2002). The Lowry Method for Protein Quantitation. The Protein Protocols Handbook. 7-9.

Google Scholar

[108] Jensen William B (2006). The Origins of the Hirsch and Buchner Vacuum Filtration Funnels. Journal of Chemical Education, 83 (9): 1283.

DOI: 10.1021/ed083p1283

Google Scholar

[109] John JL, Sreeranjit kumar CV and Indira M (2006). A study on the chemical and biological composition of coconut palm wine. Journal of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Monitoring, 5 (2): 163-165.

Google Scholar

[110] John M. Walker (2005). The Proteomics Protocols Handbook. Humana Press. 571-607.

Google Scholar

[111] Kaczanowski S and Zielenkiewicz P (2010). Why similar protein sequences encode similar three- dimensional structures. Theoretical Chemistry Accounts, 125: 543-550.

DOI: 10.1007/s00214-009-0656-3

Google Scholar

[112] Kadere TT, Miyamoto T, Oniang ORK, Kutima PM and Njoroge SM (2008). Isolation and identification of the genera Acetobacter and Gluconobacter in coconut toddy (mnazi). African Journal of Biotechnology, 7: 2963-2971.

Google Scholar

[113] Karas M and Hillenkampp F (1988). Laser desorption ionization of proteins with molecular masses exceeding 10,000 Daltons. Analytical chemistry, 60: 259-280.

DOI: 10.1021/ac00171a028

Google Scholar

[114] Kau AL, Ahern PP, Griffin NW, Goodman AL and Gordon JI (2011). Human nutrition, the gut microbiome and the immune system. Nature, 474: 327-336.

DOI: 10.1038/nature10213

Google Scholar

[115] Kaufmann R, Kirsch D and Spengler B (1994). Sequencing of peptides in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer: evaluation of post source decay following matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI). International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes, 131: 355-364.

DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-81875-1.50023-9

Google Scholar

[116] Kawano M, Oshima T, Kasai H and Mori H (2002). Molecular characterization of long direct repeat (LDR) sequences expressing a stable mRNA encoding for a 35-amino-acid cell-killing peptide and a cis-encoded small antisense RNA in Escherichia coli. Molecular Microbiology, 45: 333-349.

DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03042.x

Google Scholar

[117] Kelley LA and Sternberg MJE (2009). Protein Structure prediction on the Web: A case study using the Phyre server. Nature Protocols, 4 (3): 363-371.

DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2009.2

Google Scholar

[118] Khan AA, Shrivastava A and Khurshid M. (2012). Normal to cancer microbiome transformation and its implication in cancer diagnosis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1826: 331–337.

DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.05.005

Google Scholar

[119] Kim HJ, Song EJ and Lee KJ (2002). Proteomic analysis of protein phosphorylation in heat shock response and thermotolerence. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277 (26): 23193-23207.

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m201007200

Google Scholar

[120] Kim KM, Yi EC, Baker D and Zhang KYJ (2001). Post-translational modification of the N-terminal His tag interferes with the crystallization of the wild-type and mutant SH3 domains from chicken src tyrosine kinase. Acta Crystallographica Section D, 57: 759-762.

DOI: 10.1107/s0907444901002918

Google Scholar

[121] Kitchen DB, Decornez H, Furr JR and Bajorath J (2004). Docking and scoring in virtual screening for drug discovery: methods and applications. Nature reviews. Drug discovery, 3 (11): 935–949.

DOI: 10.1038/nrd1549

Google Scholar

[122] Klaenhammer TR and Russell WM (1999). Lactobacillus acidophilus. Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 2: 1151-1157.

DOI: 10.1006/rwfm.1999.0905

Google Scholar

[123] Klein G, Pack A and Bonaparte C and Reuter G (1998). Taxonomy and physiology of probiotic lactic acid bacteria. International journal of Food Microbiology, 41: 103–125.

DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(98)00049-x

Google Scholar

[124] Koenig T, Menze BH, Kirchner M, Monigatti F, Parker KC, Patterson T, Steen JJ, Hamprecht FA and Steen H (2008). Robust prediction of the MASCOT scores for an improved quality assessment in mass spectrometric proteomics. Journal of Proteome Research, 7 (9): 3708–3717.

DOI: 10.1021/pr700859x

Google Scholar

[125] Koistinen KM, Plumed-Ferrer C, Lehesranta SJ, Kärenlampi SO and Von Wright A (2007). Comparison of growth-phase-dependent cytosolic proteomes of two Lactobacillus plantarum strains used in food and feed fermentations. FEMS Microbiology Letter, 273: 12–21.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00775.x

Google Scholar

[126] Koistinen KM, Plumed-Ferrer C, Lehesranta SJ, Kärenlampi SO and Von Wright A (2007). Comparison of growth-phase-dependent cytosolic proteomes of two Lactobacillus plantarum strains used in food and feed fermentations. FEMS MicrobiologyLetter, 273: 12–21.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00775.x

Google Scholar

[127] Krebs and Feder (2003). Hsp70 and larval thermo tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster: how much is enough and when is more too much. Journal of Insect Physiology, 44 (11): 1091-1101.

DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(98)00059-6

Google Scholar

[128] Krishnamoorthy M and Arjun P (2012). Probiotic and antimicrobial activity of bacteria from fermented toddy of Cocus nucifera. Journal of Academic and Industrial Research, 1 (3): 127-131.

Google Scholar

[129] Krishnan P, Kruger NJ and Ratcliffe RG (2005). Metabolite fingerprinting and profiling in plants using NMR. Journal of Experimental Botany, 56: 255-265.

DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eri010

Google Scholar

[130] Kruis W, Fric P, Pokrotnieks J, Lukas M, Fixa B Kascak M, Kamm MA, Weismuller J, Beglinger C, Stolte M, Wolff C and Schulze J (2004). Maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis with the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 is as effective as with standard mesalazine. Gut, 53: 1617–1623.

DOI: 10.1136/gut.2003.037747

Google Scholar

[131] Kruis W, Schutz E, Fric P, Fixa B and Judmaier G (1997). Double-blind comparision of an oral Escherichia coli Nissle preparation and mesalazine in maintain remission of ulcerative colitis. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics Journal, 11: 853-858.

DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1997.00225.x

Google Scholar

[132] Kumar, Abbas and Fausto (1999). Pathology Bases of Disease, 7th edition, China: Elsevier Saunders, 122.

Google Scholar

[133] Kumarathasana K, Vincentb R, Dasa D, Mohottalagea S, Blaisa E, Blanka K, Karthikeyanb S, Vuongb NQ, Arbucklec TE and Fraserd WD (2014). Applicability of a high-throughput shotgun plasma protein screening approach in understanding maternal biological pathways relevant to infant birth weight outcome. Journal of Proteomics, 100: 136-146.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.12.003

Google Scholar

[134] Kurnosenko S and Moskovets E (2010). On the high-resolution mass analysis of the product ions in tandem time-of-flight (TOF/TOF) mass spectrometers using a time- dependant re-acceleration technique. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 24 (1): 63-74.

DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4356

Google Scholar

[135] Kyte J and Doolittle RF (1982). A simple method for displaying the hydropathic character of a protein. Journal of Molecular biology, 157: 105–132.

DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(82)90515-0

Google Scholar

[136] Lal JJ, Sreeranjit kumar CV, Indira M and Vijayammal PL (1997). Effect of coconut palm wine (Toddy) on carbohydrate metabolism in pregnant rats and foetuses. Plant Foods and Human Nutrition, 50: 71-79.

DOI: 10.1007/bf02436045

Google Scholar

[137] Larkin MA, Blackshields G, Brown NP, Chenna R, Mc Gettigan PA, McWilliam H, Valentin F, Wallace IM, Wilm A, Lopez R, Thompson JD, Gibson TJ and Higgins DG (2007). Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0. Bioinformatics, 23: 2947-2948.

DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btm404

Google Scholar

[138] Lasekan O, Buettner A and Christlbauer M (2007). Investigation of important odorants of palm wine (Elaeis guineensis). Food Chemistry, 105: 15-23.

DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.12.052

Google Scholar

[139] Laugesen S and Roepstor VP (2003). Combination of two matrices results in improved performance of MALDI MS for peptide mass mapping and protein analysis. Journal of American Society of Mass Spectrom, 14: 992–1002.

DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(03)00262-9

Google Scholar

[140] Lbu Jo, Dick TT and Ogan SF (1986). Effect of Nigerian bottled palm wine on gastric acid secretion. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology. Supplement, 124: 89-93.

DOI: 10.3109/00365528609093788

Google Scholar

[141] Lebeer S, Vanderleyden J and De Keersmaecker SCJ (2008). Genes and molecules of Lactobacilli supporting probiotic action. Microbial Molecular biology, 72: 728-764.

DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00017-08

Google Scholar

[142] Lengauer T and Rarey M (1996). Computational methods for biomolecular docking. Current Opinion Structural Biolology, 6 (3): 402–406.

DOI: 10.1016/s0959-440x(96)80061-3

Google Scholar

[143] Leonhatsbergrer S, Huber A, Lottapeich F and Bock A (2001). The hydH/G Genes from Escherichia coli code for zinc lead responsive two-component regulatory system. Journal of Molecular Biology, 307(1):93-105.

DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2000.4451

Google Scholar

[144] Lewis TS, Hunt JB, Aveline LD, Jonscher KR, Louie DF and Yeh JM (2000). Identification of novel MAP kinase pathway signalling targets by functional proteomics and mass spectrometry. Molecular Cell, 6: 1343– 1354.

DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(00)00132-5

Google Scholar

[145] Li J, Zhang Z, Rosenzweig J, Wang YY and Chan DW (2002). Proteomics and bioinformatics approaches for identification of serum biomarkers to detect breast cancer. Clinical Chemistry, 48 (8): 1296-1304.

DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/48.8.1296

Google Scholar

[146] Li M, Rosenshine I, Tung SL, Wang XH, Friedberg D, Hew CL and Leung KY (2004). Comparative Proteomic analysis of extracellular proteins of Enterohemorrhagic and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Strains and their ihf and ler Mutants. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70: 5274–5282.

DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.9.5274-5282.2004

Google Scholar

[147] Li S, Peari DK and Doss H (2000). Phylogenetic tree construction using meme. Journal of the American statistical Association. 95: 493-503.

Google Scholar

[148] Liddell HG, Robert S;  Stuart  JH (1968). A Greek-English lexicon (9 ed). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p.1961.

Google Scholar

[149] Lilly DM and Stillwell RH (1965). Probiotics: growth-promoting factors produced by microorganisms. Science, 147: 747-748.

DOI: 10.1126/science.147.3659.747

Google Scholar

[150] Linder CR and Warnow T (2005). An overview of phylogeny reconstruction. In the Handbook of Computational Molecular Biology, Chapman and Hall/CRC Computer & Information Science.

DOI: 10.1201/9781420036275.pt5

Google Scholar

[151] Lindsay RM, Smith W, Lee WK, Dominiczak MH and Baird JD (1997). The effect of delta-gluconolactone, an oxidised analogue of glucose, on the non-enzymatic glycation of human and rat haemoglobin. Clinica Chimica Acta, 263: 239-247.

DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(97)00067-3

Google Scholar

[152] Ljungh, Asa, Wadstrom, Torkel and Eds (2009). Lactobacillus Molecular Biology: from Genomics to Probiotics. Caister Academic Press. p-206. ISBN: 978-1-904455-41-7

DOI: 10.1002/elsc.200990012

Google Scholar

[153] Lorca GL and Font de Valdez G (2001). Acid tolerance mediated by membrane ATPases in Lactobacillus acidophilus. Biotechnology Letters, 23: 777–780.

DOI: 10.1023/a:1010346131918

Google Scholar

[154] Lovell SC, Davis IW, Arendall III WB, De Bakker PIW, Word JM, Prisant MG, Richardson JS and Richardson DC (2002). Structure validation by Calpha geometry: phi, psi and Cbeta deviation. Proteins: Structure, Function and Genetics, 50: 437-450.

DOI: 10.1002/prot.10286

Google Scholar

[155] Ly M, Wang Z, Laremore TN, Zhang F, Zhong W, Pu D, Zagorevski DV, Dordick JS and Linhardt RJ (2011). Analysis of E. coli K5 capsular polysaccharide heparosan. Analytical and Bio-analytical Chemistry, 399: 737–745.

DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3679-7

Google Scholar

[156] Mac Kerell AD, Bashford D, Bellott RL, Dunbrack RL and Evanseck JD (1998). All-Atom empirical potential for molecular modeling and dynamics studies of proteins. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 102: 3586−3616.

Google Scholar

[157] Mach T (2006). Clinical usefulness of probiotics in inflammatory bowel diseases. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 57 (9): 23-33.

Google Scholar

[158] Magalon A and Bock A (2000). Dissection of the maturation reactions of the [NiFe] hydrogenase 3 from Escherichia coli taking place after nickel incorporation. FEBS Letters, 473 (2): 254-258.

DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01542-8

Google Scholar

[159] Makarova K, Slesarey A, Wolf Y, Sorokin A, Mirkin B, Koonin E, Pavlov A and Pavlov N (2006). Comparative genomics of the lactic acid bacteria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103 (42): 15611-15616.

Google Scholar

[160] Maloney and Chris (2011). pH calculation of a very small concentration of a strong acid.

Google Scholar

[161] Manna S, Bhattacharrya D, Mandal TK and Das S (2005). Repeated dose toxicity of deltamethrin in rats. India Journal of Pharmacology, 37: 160-164.

DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.16212

Google Scholar

[162] Mark O, Collinsa 1, James C. Wrighta C, Matthew J, Raynerb JC and Choudharya JS (2014). Confident and sensitive phosphoproteomics using combinations of collision induced dissociation and electron transfer dissociation. Journal of Proteomics, 103:1-14.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.03.010

Google Scholar

[163] Marti-Renom MA, Ilyin VA and Sali A (2001). DBALI: a database of protein structure alignments. Bioinformatics, 17: 746−747.

DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/17.8.746

Google Scholar

[164] Marti-Renom MA, Stuart AC, Fiser A, Sanchez R, Melo F and Sali A (2000). Comparative protein structure modelling of genes and genomes. Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure, 29: 291-325.

DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biophys.29.1.291

Google Scholar

[165] Mary P, Sautour M, Chihib NE, Tierny Y, and Hornez JP (2003). Tolerance and starvation induced cross-protection against different stresses in Aeromonas hydrophila. International journal of food microbiology, 87 (1-2): 121-30.

DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(03)00061-8

Google Scholar

[166] Mascher T, Helmann JD and Unden G (2006). Stimulus perception in bacterial signal-transducing histidine kinases. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Review, 70 (4): 910–938.

DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00020-06

Google Scholar

[167] Mateos JA (2004). Yoghurt: a probiotic Mediterranean food. Journal Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrition, 54 (2): 76-78.

Google Scholar

[168] Matto J, Malinen E, Suihko ML, Alander M, Palva A, Saarela M. (2004). Genetic heterogeneity and functional properties of intestinal Bifidobacterium. Journal of Applied Microbiology 97: 459–470.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02340.x

Google Scholar

[169] Mayo B, Van S and Douwe EDS (2010). Bifidobacteria: Genomics and Molecular Aspects. Caister Academic Press, ISBN 978-1-904455-68-4.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.11.002

Google Scholar

[170] Meijerink M, Mercenier A and Wells JM (2013). Challenges in translational research on probiotic Lactobacilli: from in vitro assays to clinical trials. Beneficial Microbes, 4 (1): 83–100.

DOI: 10.3920/bm2012.0035

Google Scholar

[171] Melo F, Sanchez R and Sali A (2002). Statistical potentials for fold assessment. Protein Sciences, 11: 430-448.

DOI: 10.1002/pro.110430

Google Scholar

[172] Metchnikoff E (1907). The prolongation of life. London, UK: William Heinemann.

Google Scholar

[173] Mikkelsen S and Cortón E (2004). Bioanalytical Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p.224.

Google Scholar

[174] Mimura T, Rizzello F, Helwig U, Poggioli G, Schreiber S, Talbot IC, Nicholls RJ, Gionchetti P, Campieri M and Kamm MA (2004). Once daily high dose probiotic therapy (VSL#3) for maintaining remission in recurrent or refractory pouchitis. Gut, 53: 108-114.

DOI: 10.1136/gut.53.1.108

Google Scholar

[175] Mironova R, Niwa T, Dimitrova R, Bosanova M and Ivanov I (2003). Glycation and post-translational processing of human interferon-gamma expressed in Escherichia coli. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278: 51068-51074.

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m307470200

Google Scholar

[176] Moco S, Bino RJ, Vorst O, Verhoeven HA, De Groot J, Van Beek TA, VerVoort J and Devos CHR (2006). A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry based metabolome database for tomato. Plant Physiology, 141: 1205-1218.

DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.078428

Google Scholar

[177] Mohammed OA and Ameen SBB (2007). Testicular histopathological alternations in rats treated with sumithion NP 25/2.5 EC, insecticide. Journal of Biological Sciences, 7 (3): 520-525.

DOI: 10.3923/jbs.2007.520.525

Google Scholar

[178] Montelione GT, Zheng d, Huang Y and Szyperski T (2000). Protein NMR spectroscopy in structural genomics. Nature of Structural Biology, 7: 982-984.

Google Scholar

[179] Morah FNI (1995). Effect of metasulphite on alcohol production in palm wine. Food Chemistry, 53: 153-156.

DOI: 10.1016/0308-8146(95)90781-2

Google Scholar

[180] Mottet C and Michetti P (2005). Probiotics: wanted dead or alive. Digestive and Liver Diseases, 37: 3–6.

DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2004.09.010

Google Scholar

[181] Muth T (2010). jTraqX: a Free, Platform independent tool for isobaric tag Quantitation at the protein level. Proteomics, 10 (6): 1223-1225.

DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900374

Google Scholar

[182] Nakamura S, Watanabe A, Chongpraditnum P, Suzui N, Hayashi H, Hattori H and Chino M (2004). Analysis of phloem exudates collected from fruit-bearing stems of coconut palm: Palm trees as a source of molecules circulating in sieve tubes. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 50: 739–745.

DOI: 10.1080/00380768.2004.10408530

Google Scholar

[183] Naven T and Westermeier R (2002). Proteomics in Practice: A Laboratory Manual of Proteome Analysis. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 3-527-30354-5.

DOI: 10.1086/377836

Google Scholar

[184] Nelson RJ (2005). Introduction to Behaviral Endocrinology.Sinauer Associates: Massachusetts.P-115.

Google Scholar

[185] Nelson SW, Binkowski DJ, Honzatko RB, and Fromm HJ (2005). Mechanism of Action of Escherichia coli Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide Synthetase. Biochemistry, 44: 766-774.

DOI: 10.1021/bi048191w

Google Scholar

[186] Nikolov M, Schmidt C and Urlaub H (2012). Quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics: An Overview. Methods in Molecular Biology, 893: 85-100.

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-885-6_7

Google Scholar

[187] Nordin S, Broman DA, Olofsson JK and Wulff M (2004). A longitudinal descriptive study of self-reported abnormal smell and taste perception. Chemical Senses, 29 (5): 391-402.

DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjh040

Google Scholar

[188] Nwokeke NV (2001). Palm wine preservation using Traditional plants that have preservation bases. B.Sc. Thesis. Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria.

Google Scholar

[189] O'Hara AM and Shanahan F (2006). The gut flora as a forgotten organ. European Molecular Biology journal, 7: 688-693.

Google Scholar

[190] Ogbulie TE, Ogbulie TN and Njokuho (2007). Comparative study on the shelf life stability of palm wine from Elaeis guineesis and Raphia hookeri obtained from Okigure. Nigeria, African Journal of Biotechnology, 6 (7): 914-922.

Google Scholar

[191] OHara AM and Shanahan F (2007). Mechanisms of action of probiotics in intestinal disease. Scientific World Journal, 7: 31-46.

Google Scholar

[192] Ojimelukwe PC (2000). Effect of preservation with Sacglottis gabonensis on the biochemistry and sensory evaluation of fermenting palm wine. Journal of Food biochemistry, 25: 411-424.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2001.tb00749.x

Google Scholar

[193] Okafor N (1972). Microbiology and Bio-chemistry of oil palm wine. Advanced Applied Microbilogy, 24: 237-255.

Google Scholar

[194] Okafor N (1977). The microbiological method for palm wine preservation. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 43: 159-161.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1977.tb00735.x

Google Scholar

[195] Okafor N (1978). Microbiology and Biochemistry of oil palm wine. Advanced applied Microbiology, 24: 237-255.

DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70642-7

Google Scholar

[196] Okagbue RN (1998). A note on the leavening activity of yeasts associate with palm wine. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 64: 235-240.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1988.tb03380.x

Google Scholar

[197] Olsen BJ and Markwell J (2007). Assays for the determination of protein concentration. Current Protocols in Protein Science, 3: 14–17.

Google Scholar

[198] OShea EF, Cotter PD, Stanton C, Ross RP and Hill C (2012). Production of bioactive substances by intestinal bacteria as a basis for explaining probiotic mechanisms: Bacteriocins and conjugated linoleic acid. International Journal of Food Microbialogy, 152 (3): 189-205.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.05.025

Google Scholar

[199] Oyedeji Ko, Bolarinwa AF and M.A and Hamzat MA (2012). Effect of palm wine on reproductive functions in male albino rats. Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 7 (9-12): 340-344.

Google Scholar

[200] Pandey A, Fernandez MM, Stehen H, Blagoev B, Nielsen MM and Roche S (2000). Identification of a novel immuno receptor tyrosine-based activation motif-containing molecule, STAM2, by mass spectrometry and its involvement in growth factor and cytokine receptor signalling pathways. Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 275: 38633-38639.

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m007849200

Google Scholar

[201] Pappin DJ, Hojrup P and Bleasby AJ (1993). Rapid identification of proteins by peptide mass finger printing. Current Biology, 3 (6): 327-332.

DOI: 10.1016/0960-9822(93)90195-t

Google Scholar

[202] Parracho H, McCartney AL and Gibson GR (2007). Probiotics and prebiotics in infant nutrition. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 66: 405-411.

DOI: 10.1017/s0029665107005678

Google Scholar

[203] Parvez S, Malik KA, Kang KA and Kim HY (2006). Probiotics and their fermented food products are beneficial for health-review. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 100: 1171– 1185.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02963.x

Google Scholar

[204] Pataky Z, Bobbiono-Harsch E, Hadengue A, Carpentier A and Golay A (2009). Gut microbiota responsible for our body weight. Journal of Revue Médicale Suisse, 5 (196): 662-664.

Google Scholar

[205] Peng Jian and Jinbo Xu (2011). RaptorX: Exploiting structure information for protein alignment by statistical inference. Proteins, 79: 161-171.

DOI: 10.1002/prot.23175

Google Scholar

[206] Purves, William Kirkwood S, David O and Gordon H (2004). Life-the science of biology. Macmillan Publishers, 7 Th Edition.

Google Scholar

[207] Qin Y, Song W, Xiao S, Yin G, Zhu Y, Yan Y and Hu Y (2014). Stress-related genes distinctly expressed in unfertilized wheat ovaries under both normal and water deficit conditions whereas differed in fertilized ovaries. Journal of Proteomics, 102: 11-27.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.02.028

Google Scholar

[208] Raja A, Gajalakshmi P, Raja MMM and Imran MM (2009). Effect of Lactobacillus lactis cremoris isolated from kefir against food spoilage bacteria. American Journal of Food Technology, 4: 201-209.

DOI: 10.3923/ajft.2009.201.209

Google Scholar

[209] Ramakrishnan S (1973). Effect of intake of excess alcohol on metabolism of glucose in rat. Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 10: 276-278.

Google Scholar

[210] Ramakrishnan S (1983). Deleterious effect of alcoholism and aldehydism on metabolism and tissue function. Biochemical Reviews, 53: 1-7.

Google Scholar

[211] Ramakrishnan S, Prasanna CV and Balasubramanian A (1976). Effect of alcohol intake on rat hepatic enzyme and thyroid function. Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 13: 49-51.

Google Scholar

[212] Ramirez BE, Voloshin ON, Camerini-Otero RD and Bax A (2000). Solution structure of DinI provides insight into its mode of RecA inactivation. Protein Science, 9 (11): 2161–2169.

DOI: 10.1110/ps.9.11.2161

Google Scholar

[213] Rasko DA, Rosovitz MJ, Myers GSA, Mongodin EF, Fricke WF, Gajer P, Crabtree J, Sebaihia M, Thomson NR, Chaudhuri R, Henderson IR, Sperandio V and Ravel JJ (2008). The pangenome structure of Escherichia coli: Comparative genomic analysis of E. coli commensal and pathogenic isolates. Bacteriology, 190:6881-6893.

DOI: 10.1128/jb.00619-08

Google Scholar

[214] Ratsch Christian (1998). The Encyclopaedia of Psychoactive plants: Ethno pharmacology and its applications. Rochester: Park Street Press.

Google Scholar

[215] Rauch M and Lynch S (2011). The potential for probiotic manipulation of the gastrointestinal microbiome. Current Opinion Biotechnology, 23 (1): 192-201.

DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.11.004

Google Scholar

[216] Ray WK and Larson TJ (2004). Application of Agar repressor and dominant repressor variants for verification of a gene cluster involved in N-acetylgalactosamine metabolism in Escherichia coli K-12. Molecular Microbiology, 51 (3): 813-826.

DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03868.x

Google Scholar

[217] Rehm J,Giesbrecht N, Patra J and Roerecke M (2002). Estimating chronic Disease deaths and hospitalization due to alcohol use in Canada: Implication for Policy and Preservation strategies. Preventing Chronic Disease: Public Health research, practice and policy, 3: 1-19.

Google Scholar

[218] Rembacken BJ, Snelling AM, Hawkey PM, Chalmers DM and Axon ATR (1999). Non-pathogenic Eschericia coli versus mesalazine for the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a randomised trial. Lancet, 354: 635-639.

DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)06343-0

Google Scholar

[219] Resta-Lenert S and Barrett KE (2003). Live probiotics protect intestinal epithelial cells from the effects of infection with enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC). Gut, 52: 988–997.

DOI: 10.1136/gut.52.7.988

Google Scholar

[220] Retrived (2006). Serratia marcescens section implant infection and orbital cellulitis. Eye Rounda.org.-04-06.

Google Scholar

[221] Richard Coico, Geoffrey, Sunshine and Eli Benjamini (2003). Immunology: a short course. New York: Wiley- Liss. ISBN- 0-471-22689-0.

DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2003.11.008

Google Scholar

[222] Riffle Robert L and craft Paul (2003). An encyclopedia of cultivated palms Portland. Timber press, 405-406.

Google Scholar

[223] Roger S and James MW (1995). RasMol: Bio-molecular graphics for all. Trend in Biochemical Sciences, 20 (9): 374-382.

Google Scholar

[224] Roland JS, Frank HJE, Michiel K and Bas T (2004). Genome data mining of lactic acid bacteria: the impact of bioinformatics. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 15 (2): 105-115.

DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2004.02.002

Google Scholar

[225] Rossell S (2006). Unraveling the complexity of flux regulation: a new method demonstrated for nutrient starvation in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103: 2166-2171.

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0509831103

Google Scholar

[226] Rundel, Philip W (2002). The Chilean Wine palm in the Mildred E. Mathias Botanical Garden Newsletter, 5 (4).

Google Scholar

[227] Sali A and Overington JP (1994). Derivation of rules for comparative protein modeling from a database of protein structure alignments. Protein Sciences, 3: 1582−1596.

DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560030923

Google Scholar

[228] Sanchez B, Champomier-Verges MC, Stuer-Lauridsen B, Ruas-Madiedo P and Anglade P (2007). Adaptation and response of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis to bile: A proteomic and physiological approach. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 73 (21): 6757–6767.

DOI: 10.1128/aem.00637-07

Google Scholar

[229] Sanchez R and Sali A (1998). Large-scale protein structure modeling of the Saccharomyces Cerevisiae genome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95 (23): 13597-13602.

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.23.13597

Google Scholar

[230] Sanders ME (2008). Probiotics: definition, source, selection and uses. Clinical Infections and Diseases, 46 (2): S58–S61.

DOI: 10.1086/523341

Google Scholar

[231] Sanders ME, Morelli L and Tompkins TA (2003). Spore Formers as Human Probiotics: Bacillus, Sporolactobacillus and Brevibacillus. Comprehensive Review in Food Science and Food Safety, 2: 101-110.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2003.tb00017.x

Google Scholar

[232] Sangha JS, Chen YH, Kaur Jatinder, Khan Wajahatullah, Abduljaleel Zainularifeen, Alanazi Mohammaed S, Mills Aaron, Adalla candida B and Bennett John (2013). Proteome analysis of rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutants reveals differentially induced proteins during brown Planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) infestation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14 (2): 3921-3945.

DOI: 10.3390/ijms14023921

Google Scholar

[233] Santos DKV, Diniz CG, Veloso Lde C, de Andrade HM, Giusta Mda S, Pires Sda F, Santos AV, Apolônio AC, de Carvalho MA and Farias Lde M (2010). Proteomic analysis of E. coli with experimentally induced resistance topiperacillin/ tazobactam. Research in Microbiology, 161: 268-275.

DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2010.03.006

Google Scholar

[234] Sawers G (1994). The hydrogenases and formate dehydrogenases of Escherichia coli. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 66 (1-3):57-88.

DOI: 10.1007/bf00871633

Google Scholar

[235] Schell Mark A, Karmirantzou M, Snel B, Vilanova D, Bernard B, Pessi G, Zwahlen MC, Desiere and Frank (2002). The genome sequence of Bifidobacterium longum reflects its adaptation to the human gastrointestinal tract. Proceedings of the National Acadamy of Sciences, 99 (22): 14422–14427.

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.212527599

Google Scholar

[236] Schuerenberg M, Luebbert C, EickhoVH, Kalkum M, Lehrach H and NordhoVE (2003). Pre-structured MALDI-MS sample supports. Analytical Chemistry, 72: 3436–3442.

DOI: 10.1021/ac000092a

Google Scholar

[237] Schultz M (2008). Clinical use of E.coli Nissle 1917 in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory Bowel Disease, 14 (7): 127-131.

DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20377

Google Scholar

[238] Schwede T, Kopp J, Guex N and Peitsch MC (2003). SWISS-MODEL: An automated protein homology-modeling server. Nucleic Acids Research, 31(13): 3381–3385.

DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkg520

Google Scholar

[239] Sekhon, B and Jairath S (2010). Prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics: an overview. Journal of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, 1 (2): 13-36.

Google Scholar

[240] Sekirov I, Russell SL, Antunes LC and Finlay BB (2010). Gut microbiota in health and disease. Physiological Reviews, 90: 859-904.

DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00045.2009

Google Scholar

[241] Shah NP (2000). Probiotic bacteria: selective enumeration and survival in dairy foods. Journal of Dairy Science, 83: 894-907.

DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(00)74953-8

Google Scholar

[242] Shalon D, Smith SJ and Brown PO (1996). A DNA microarray system for analysing complex DNA samples using two-colour fluorescent probe hybridization. Genome Research. 6: 639-645.

DOI: 10.1101/gr.6.7.639

Google Scholar

[243] Shanahan F (2011). The colonic microflora probiotic therapy in health and disease. Current Opinion Gastroenterology, 27 (1): 61-65.

DOI: 10.1097/mog.0b013e328340076f

Google Scholar

[244] Shevchenko A, Jensen ON, Podtelejnikov AV, Saglioco F, Wilm Vorm O, Mortensen P, Shevchenko A, Boucherie H and Mann M (1996). Linking genome and proteome by mass spectrometry: large-scale identification of yeast proteins from two dimensional gels. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93 (25): 14440-14445.

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.25.14440

Google Scholar

[245] Shi J, Blundell L and Mizuguchi K (2001). FUGUE: Sequence-structure homology recognition using environment- specific substitution tables and structure-dependent gap penalties. Journal of Molecular Biology, 310: 243-257.

DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2001.4762

Google Scholar

[246] Smith T (2000). A new era. Nature of Structural Biology and Structural genomics, 7: 927-933.

Google Scholar

[247] Sonnenborn U and Schulze J (2009). The non-pathogenic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 features of a versatile probiotic. Microbial Ecology and Health Diseases. 21:122–158.

DOI: 10.3109/08910600903444267

Google Scholar

[248] Sparkman O David (2000). Mass spectrometry desk reference. Pittsburgh: global View Publications, ISBN 0-9660813-2-3.

Google Scholar

[249] Stephen A, Gravina, Gregory L, Yep and Mehmood Khan (2013). Invited review: Human Biology of Taste. Annals of Saudi Medicine, 33 (3): 217-222.

DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2013.217

Google Scholar

[250] Stitt AW (2005). Maillard reaction in eye disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1043: 582-597.

DOI: 10.1196/annals.1338.066

Google Scholar

[251] Stojancevic M, Bojic G, Salami HA and Mikov M (2013). The influence of intestinal tract and probiotics on the fate of orally administered drugs. Current Issues on Molecular Biology, 16 (2): 55–68.

DOI: 10.21775/cimb.016.055

Google Scholar

[252] Storz G and Zheng M (2000). Oxidative stress. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 2: 188-194.

Google Scholar

[253] Sun J, Gunzer F, Westendorf AM, Buer J, Scharfe M, Jarek M, Gössling F, Blöcker H and Zeng AP (2005). Genomic peculiarity of coding sequences and metabolic potential of probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 inferred from raw genome data. Journal of Biotechnology. 117: 147–161.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.01.008

Google Scholar

[254] Suzuki T, Miwa K, Ishikawa K, Yamada H, Aiba H, and Mizuno T (2001). The Arabidopsis sensor His-kinase, AHK4, can respond to cytokinins. Plant and Cell Physiology, 42: 107–113.

DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pce037

Google Scholar

[255] Swings J and De Ley J (1977). The biology of Zymomonas. Bacteriology reviews, 41: 1-46.

Google Scholar

[256] Tang N, Tornatore P and Weinberger SR (2004). Current developments in SELDI affinity technology. Mass spectrometry reviews, 23 (1): 34-44.

DOI: 10.1002/mas.10066

Google Scholar

[257] Tannock GW (1999). Analysis of the intestinal microflora: A renaissance. Antonie van Leenwenhoek, 76: 265-278.

Google Scholar

[258] Todd RK and Martin JK (1999). Selection and design of probiotics. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 50 (1–2): 45–57.

Google Scholar

[259] Tomar SK, Knauer SH, Nandymazumdar M, Rosch P and Artsimovitch I (2013). Interdomain contacts control folding of transcription factor RfaH. Nucleic Acids Resarch, 41 (22): 10077-10085.

DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt779

Google Scholar

[260] Twyman RM (2004). Principles of Proteomics (Advanced text Series). Oxford,UK: BIOS Scientific publishers. ISBN 1-85996-273-4.

Google Scholar

[261] Uzochukwu SVA, Balogh E, Tucknot OG, Lewis MJ and Ngoddy PO (1994). Volatiles Constituents of Palm wine and palm sap. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 94: 405-411.

DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.2740640403

Google Scholar

[262] VanBogelen RA (2003). Probing the molecular physiology of the microbial organism, Escherichia coli using proteomics. Advances in Biochemical Engineering / Biotechnology, 83: 27–55.

DOI: 10.1007/3-540-36459-5_2

Google Scholar

[263] Varughese KI (2002). Molecular recognition of bacterial phosphorelay proteins. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 5 (2): 142–148.

DOI: 10.1016/s1369-5274(02)00305-3

Google Scholar

[264] Vattanaviboon P, Panmanee W, and Mongkolsuk S (2003). Induction of peroxide and super-oxide protective enzymes and physiological cross-protection against peroxide killing by a super-oxide generator in Vibrio harveyi. Federation of European Microbiological Societies, microbiology letters, 221 (1): 89-95.

DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00172-1

Google Scholar

[265] Vaughan EE, Heilig HG and Ben-Amor K (2005). Diversity, vitality and activities of intestinal lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacterium assessed by molecular approaches. FEMS Microbiology Review, 29: 477–490.

DOI: 10.1016/j.fmrre.2005.04.009

Google Scholar

[266] Velculescu VE, Zhang L, Vogelstein B and Kinzler KW (1995). Serial analysis of gene expression. Science, 270: 484-487.

DOI: 10.1126/science.270.5235.484

Google Scholar

[267] Verma PK, Sharma A, Annu M, Prachi S, Gupta RS, Joshi SC and Dixit VP (2002). Effect of Sarcostemma acidum stem extract on spermatogenesis in male albino rats. Journal of Andrology, 4 (1): 43-47.

Google Scholar

[268] Von Roepenack-Lahaye E, Degenkolb T, Zerjeski M, Roth U, Wessjohann L, Schmidt J, Scheel D and Clements S (2004). Profiling of Arabidopsis secondary metabolites by capillary liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ioniation quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Plant physiology, 134: 548-559.

DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.032714

Google Scholar

[269] Walz C, Giavalisco P, Schad M, Juenger M, Klose J and Kehr J (2004). Proteomics of cucurbit phloem exudate reveals a network of defence proteins. Phytochemistry, 65: 1795–1804.

DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.04.006

Google Scholar

[270] Wang W, Sun J, Nimtz M, Deckwer WD and Zeng AP (2003). Protein identification from two-dimentional gel electrophoresis analysis of Klebshiella Pneumoniae by combined use of mass spectrometry data and raw genome sequences. Proteome science, 1 (1): 6-15.

Google Scholar

[271] Wasinger VC, Cordwell SJ, Cerpa-Poljak A Yan JX, Gooley AA, Wilkins MR, Dencan MW, Harris R, Williams KL and Humphery-smith I (1995). Progress with gene-product mapping of the Mollicutes: Mycoplasma genitalism. Electrophoresis, 16: 1090-1094.

DOI: 10.1002/elps.11501601185

Google Scholar

[272] Weber H, Polen T, Heuveling J, Wendisch VF, and Hengge R ( 2005). Genome-wide analysis of the general stress response network in Escherichia coli: sigma S-dependent genes, promoters, and sigma factor selectivity. Journal of Bacteriology, 187:1591–1603.

DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.5.1591-1603.2005

Google Scholar

[273] Weese JS (2002). Microbial evaluation of commercial probiotics. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 220 (6): 794-797.

DOI: 10.2460/javma.2002.220.794

Google Scholar

[274] Weese JS and Martin H (2011). Assessment of commercial probiotic bacterial contents and label accuracy. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 52 (1): 43-46.

Google Scholar

[275] Westendorf AM, Gunzer F, Deppenmeier S, Tapadar D, Hunger JK, Schmidt MA, Buer J and Bruder D (2005). Intestinal immunity of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917: A safe carrier for therapeutic molecules. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 43: 373–384.

DOI: 10.1016/j.femsim.2004.10.023

Google Scholar

[276] Wilkins MR, Sanchez JC, Gooley AA, Appel RD, Humphery-smith I, Hochstrasser DF and Williams KL (1995). Progress with proteome projects: why all proteins expressed by a genome should be identified and how to do it. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews, 13: 19-50.

DOI: 10.1080/02648725.1996.10647923

Google Scholar

[277] Williamson AR (2000). Creating a structural genomics consortium. Nature Structural and Molecular Biology, 7 (S1 (11s)): 953.

Google Scholar

[278] Wilson ML (1996). General principles of specimen collection and transport. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 22 (5): 766-777.

DOI: 10.1093/clinids/22.5.766

Google Scholar

[279] Witek Janusek L (1986). Maternal alcohol ingestion: Effect on maternal and neonatal glucose balance. American Journal of Physiology, 25 (2): 178-184.

DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1986.251.2.e178

Google Scholar

[280] Wolf KM (1997). Occurrence, distribution and associations of O and H serogroups, colonization factor antigens and toxins of entero toxigenic Escherichia coli. Clinical Microbiology Review, 10: 569-584.

DOI: 10.1128/cmr.10.4.569

Google Scholar

[281] Wu KJ, Shaler TA and Becker CH (1994). Time-of-flight mass spectrometry of underivatized single-stranded DNA oligomers by matrix-assisted laser desorption. Analytical Chemistry, 66 (10): 1637–1645.

DOI: 10.1021/ac00082a007

Google Scholar

[282] Wu R, Sun Z, Wu J, Meng H and Zhang H (2010). Effect of bile salts stress on protein synthesis of Lactobacillus casei Zhang revealed by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Journal of Dairy Sciences, 93: 3858–3868.

DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2967

Google Scholar

[283] Wu R, Sun Z, Wu J, Meng H and Zhang H (2010). Effect of bile salts stress on protein synthesis of Lactobacillus casei Zhang revealed by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Journal of Dairy Sciences, 93: 3858–3868.

DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2967

Google Scholar

[284] Yamada H, Suzuki T, Terada K, Takei K, Ishikawa K, Miwa K, Yamashino T, and Mizuno T (2001). The Arabidopsis AHK4 histidine kinase is a cytokinin-binding receptor that transduces cytokinin signals across the membrane. Plant and Cell Physiology, 42: 1017–1023.

DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pce127

Google Scholar

[285] Yan Z, Caldwell GW and McDoell PA (1999). Identification of a gluconic acid derivative attached to the N-terminus of histidine-tagged proteins expressed in bacteria. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 262: 793-800.

DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1304

Google Scholar

[286] Yi EC (2005). Increased quantitative proteome coverage with (13) C/ (12) C-based, acid- cleavable isotope-coded affinity tag reagent and modified data acquisition scheme. Proteomics, 5 (2): 380-387.

DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200400970

Google Scholar

[287] Yildirin Z and Johnson MG (1998). Characterization and antimicrobial spectrum of bifidocin B, a bacteriocin produced by Bifidobacterium bifidum NCFB 1454. Journal of Food Protocols, 61: 47-51.

DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-61.1.47

Google Scholar

[288] Yohannes E, Barnhart DM and Slonczewski JL (2004). pH-Dependent Catabolic Protein Expression during Anaerobic Growth of Escherichia coli K-12. Journal of Bacteriology, 186: 192–199.

DOI: 10.1128/jb.186.1.192-199.2004

Google Scholar

[289] Yokoyama S, Hirota H and Kigawa T (2000). Structural genomics projects in Japan. Nature of Structural Biology, 7: 943–945.

Google Scholar

[290] Yoshimasu M, Aihara H, Ito Y, Rajesh S, Ishibe S, Mikawa T, Yokoyama S and Shibata T (2003). An NMR study on the interaction of Escherichia coli DinI with RecA-ssDNA complexes. Nucleic Acids Research, 31 (6): 1735–1743.

DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkg256

Google Scholar

[291] Yuan Liu, Rajendra Prasad, William A. Beard, Padmini S. Kedar, Esther W. Hou, David D. Shock, and Samuel HW (2007). Coordination of steps in single-nucleotide Base excision repair mediated by Apurinic/ Apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 and DNA polymerase β. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 282 (18): 13532–13541.

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611295200

Google Scholar

[292] Zieske LR (2006). A perspective on the use of iTRAQ reagent technology for protein complex and profiling studies. Journal of Experimental Botany, 57 (7): 1501-1508.

DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erj168

Google Scholar

[293] Zoetendal EG, Vaughan EE and De Vos WM (2006). A microbial world within us. Molecular Microbiology, 59: 1639-1650.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05056.x

Google Scholar

[294] Zuowei Wu, Orhan Sahin, Fei Wang and Qijing Zhang (2014). Proteomic identification of immuno dominant membrane-related antigens in Campylobacter jejuni associated with sheep abortion. Journal of Proteomics, 99: 111-122.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.01.018

Google Scholar