International Letters of Natural Sciences Vol. 3

Abstract: This paper analyzes energy sources climate northeastern Montenegro, in the example municipalities Berane, Andrijevica and Plav in a geographical context its exploitation and use. Analyzed GeoScape from the standpoint of utilization of wind energy lose their its attractiveness due to high altitude mountain ranges that dominate in given area, it is the windy areas, often the located on slopes of the mountains, and most of them did not connected to the existing road network and infrastructure. The use of solar thermal energy is possible only with the help of passive solar architecture and active solar architecture (solar collectors for water heating and space heating in homes and tourist facilities). Program development and use of renewable energy in Montenegro, given the Energy Law of 2010 in which Montenegro has implemented parts of EU directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of energy from renewable sources.

Abstract: The Ghorveh plain with an annual average rainfall of 350 millimeter and a cold and semi humid climate is located between the Dehgolan's watersheds and Chahardoli and 95 kilometers east of Sanandaj and northwest of Hamadan. From a geographic coordinates point of view it is situated between the longitudes of 47° 38' 52" to 48° 06' 03" eastern and latitudes of 35° 02' 22" to 35° 30' 54" northern . This plain leads to Mts. Darvazeh and Ebrahim Attar from south, it leads to hillside lands from the northern side , from Westside it reaches Mt. Bikheir and from the eastern part it is limited to the Dam Gaz heights. The area of the Ghorveh watershed is 1063/50 square kilometers while the area of the region under study is 197 square kilometers. Geologically speaking, it is located in the Sanadaj –Sirjan zone. The collision depth to the underground waters in the heights range bordering the plain is a maximum of 42 meters while the same rate about the river Talvar is at least zero and it is less than 5 meters in a wide range region of the eastern side of the plain. The direction of the underground water flow in the Ghorveh region is from the south west to north east. The Piezometrical water level changes compared to the western side plain has had a reduced height.The Dehgolan's plain with an annual average rainfall of 354 millimeters and a cold and semi humid climate is located in the eastern side of the city of Sanandaj between the longitudes of 47° 08' 00" to 48° 12' 00" eastern and latitudes of 35° 00' 00" to 36° 00'00" northern. This plain is limited to not very high ridge of Shanooreh from the eastern side and it leads to the Darband Kabood heights and Abdulrahman heights from south, while it leads to Mt. Sheida and Akhikamal and Salarabad from north and then it is limited to the Khatoon heights from the west part . The area of the watershed of Dehgolan is 2250 square kilometer and the area of the region under study is 644 square kilometers . Geologically and regionally speaking, it is part of the geological – structural zone of Sanandaj – Sirjan. The general slope of the region is towards east and north east. The main river of this plain is called Talvar. The alluvial aquifer of the Dehgolan's plain is of a free type and is on average 90meters thick where in some parts thickness swells to 90 meters.

Abstract: This paper seeks to share the experience of the Ultra Low CO₂ Steelmaking programme (ULCOS) established in 2002 by a number of EU members on how to cut down CO₂ emission by at least 50 % of the present volume of emission. Global environmental challenge today is the issue of climate change resulting in devastating effects such as flooding in many countries of the world. One of the major causes is the CO₂ emission from different industries including iron and steel industries. The total global CO₂ emission was put at 29Gt in 2007 and projected to be 37Gt by the 2020. Out of this volume the steel industry accounts for 3-4 % and this call for concern from stakeholders to come up with measures to reduce or control the emission of the green house gas. These measures are necessary considering the growth of the iron and steel industry in the last 50 years. Important items considered include among others carbon emission and recovery, carbon capture and storage and new iron and steel making processes and their potential for CO₂ reduction.

Abstract: The results of a magnetic study of the Okenugbo Area of Ago-Iwoye, Southwestern Nigeria are presented for the evaluation of the geostructural settings in the area to determine the competency of the basement for building constructions. The study area lies within Longitude N 06°55.389’ - N 06°55.384’ and Latitude E 03°55.001’ and E 03°55.959’ in the basement complex of Nigeria. Three magnetic profiles were established for the evaluation and the magnetic anomaly map, the regional geology and its analytic signal amplitude helped in identifying the nature and depth of the magnetic sources in the study region. The magnetic residual values range from -2400 nT to +1800 nT. The area shows magnetic closures of various sizes at the Western part of the study area trending West with prominence at the center and distributed East-West which has been interpreted as fractured or faulted zones. The depth estimate revealed the apparent depth to the causative body from the surface and the basement depth range from 4.3 to 21.3 m which agrees with other literatures. The study has revealed that the area is generally competent for high rise structures and industrial site while the faulted/fractured zones are prospective better locations for hydrogeological purposes.