International Letters of Natural Sciences Vol. 5

Abstract: The rising levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the Earth’s atmosphere have the potential to cause changes in our climate. Some of these emission increases can be traced directly to solid waste. Landfills are among the largest emitters of carbon dioxide and methane, the key GHGs. Thus, effective mitigation of these emissions through formalization of waste reduction into the waste management system to reduce land filling could provide environmental benefits of reducing the adverse impacts of climate change. This paper therefore proposes waste prevention and recycling-jointly referred to as waste reduction as better and most potent strategies for the management of solid waste and for reducing greenhouse gases and calls on both the government and private agencies to check or control the increasing pollution or abuse of the environment by enforcing compliance with the laid out Policies, Pronouncements, Regulations and enacted Legislation especially in the developing countries. The study concludes that by choosing to prevent waste and recycle, less waste will be generated, the need for landfill will be minimal, energy demand will decrease, fewer fossil fuels will be burned and less methane and carbon dioxide will be emitted to the atmosphere which helps to curb climate change.

Abstract: Genetic algorithm is a soft computing method that works on set of solutions. These solutions are called chromosome and the best one is the absolute solution of the problem. The main problem of this algorithm is that after passing through some generations, it may be produced some chromosomes that had been produced in some generations ago that causes reducing the convergence speed. From another respective, most of the genetic algorithms are implemented in software and less works have been done on hardware implementation. Our work implements genetic algorithm in hardware that doesn’t produce chromosome that have been produced in previous generations. In this work, most of genetic operators are implemented without producing iterative chromosomes and genetic diversity is preserved. Genetic diversity causes that not only don’t this algorithm converge to local optimum but also reaching to global optimum. Without any doubts, proposed approach is so faster than software implementations. Evaluation results also show the proposed approach is faster than hardware ones.

Abstract: Palynofacies analyses from Bonyere Well No. 1 in the Tano basin, western Ghana has revealed five palynofacies associations (I – V) based on the percentage relative abundances of the sedimentary organic matter (SOM). The palynofacies associations reflect deposition in a fluvio-deltaic (oxic) environment, a distal dysoxic-anoxic shelf environment, a proximal dysoxic-suboxic environment, nearshore (oxic) and a fluvio-deltaic/nearshore environment with high oxygen levels and low preservation rates respectively. Based on marker palynomorphs, Campanian – Maastrichtian age has been assigned to sediments within the interval (1800-10 ft) – (90-100 ft), Turonian – Lower Senonian (Santonian) age between (3160-70 ft) – (1980-90 ft) and Aptian age between the interval (8140-50 ft) – (3340-50 ft). The absence of the elater-bearing pollen which are typical Africa-South America (ASA) elements for the Albian – Cenomanian age is indicative of an unconformity between the Aptian and Turonian sediments.

Abstract: Peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7; donor: hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase, POD) is one of the key enzymes controlling plant growth, differentiation and development. The enzyme participates in construction, rigidification and eventual lignification of cell walls, biosynthesis of ethylene from 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and H₂O₂, regulation of auxin level through auxin catabolism, protection of tissue from damage and infection by pathogenic microorganisms, the oxidation of indoleacetic acid. For peroxidase activity in wild pears extract one pH optimum was observed at 6.5 that probably belong to atleast one isoenzyme. Activity of peroxidase in presence of guaiacol and H₂O₂ was optimum after incubation at 40 °C. Maximum activity of peroxidase is 300% .Activity increased to 240%, 300%, 70% and 10% after 60 minute incubation at 30, 40, 45 and 60 °C for peroxidase. Incubation at high temperature (70 °C) was accompanied with decrease of activity to 10% peroxidase activity.

Abstract: Shigella is one of the most common bacterial pathogens that are isolated from patients with diarrhea. Various attempts are being made worldwide with encouraging observations; still the emergence of multidrug-resistant Shigella strains and a continuous high disease incidence imply that shigellosis is an unsolved global health problem which can probably be solved only by developing a proper vaccine and a vaccine regime for the disease. The need of the hour is to foster the development of an effective vaccine which should not only serve to improve hygiene but also should be able to curb infections by the pathogen. This goal can only be achieved by gaining proper detailed knowledge underlying Shigella pathogenesis. The analyses of the Shigella invasion proteins which have been long been targeted to be potential candidate vaccines remains an open ended problem and forms the core of this present computational study which identifies the fact that long regions in the structure of the proteins are disordered having no distinct structural conformation; multiple alignments however, did not show any conserved stretches in the disordered regions. The results probably explain the ability of these proteins to interact with multiple cellular proteins and perform a diverse array of functions leading to successful pathogenesis.

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is an attempt to demonstrate and evaluate natural and cultural values of the small town, which is rarely visited by tourists. Bydlin area is located within both walking and bicycling touristic route “The trail of the Eagles’ Nests”. The tourist sights and geotouristic values of Bydlin country, was presented. All three selected tourist sites and one geosites have highly cultural, historic and geological values. Described town can be an alternative for well-known and crowded places for tourists from Poland. This is the proposal for a short few hours educational natural and historical trail for tourists with different preferences and predisposition.